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Hypertension can be classified either essential (primary) or secondary. Essential hypertension indicates that no specific medical cause can be found to explain a patient’s condition. Secondary hypertension indicates that the high blood pressure is a result of (i.e., secondary to) another condition, such as kidney disease or tumours (pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma). Persistent hypertension is one of the risk factors for strokes, heart attacks, heart failure and arterial aneurysm, and is a leading cause of chronic renal failure.

Cause and Pathogenesis

The cause of primary (essential) hypertension is not known. It is thought to be due to multiple risk factors. Known risk factors include a familial history of the disease, race, obesity, tobacco smoking, stress, and a high-fat or high-sodium diet in genetically susceptible individuals. Extremely nervous and highly emotional people also tend to develop hypertension more readily. Secondary hypertension is related to an underlying disease process such as renal parenchymal disorders , renal artery disease, endocrine and metabolic disorders, central nervous system disorders, and narrowing of the aorta (coarctation).

Causes Pulmonary Hypertension: Pulmonary hypertension results from constriction, or tightening, of the blood vessels that supply blood to the lungs. Consequently, it becomes difficult for blood to pass through the lungs, making it harder for the heart to pump blood forward. This stress on the heart leads to enlargement of the heart and eventually fluid can build up in the liver and tissues, such as the in the legs. Affected patients can sometimes notice increasing shortness of breath and dizziness.

What are the symptoms of Hypertension?

If you have hypertension, chances are that you may not have any symptoms at all. Hypertension is often called the “silent killer” because most people who have it do not feel sick, but if left uncontrolled, it can lead to a heart attack or kidney disease. This is why it is so important to treat hypertension even if you feel fine. Many people can keep their hypertension under control by making some changes in their daily activities, such as increasing exercise and eating a healthier diet. Other people may need to take medicine in addition to diet and/or exercise.

Hypertension Treatment

Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is dangerous because it can lead to strokes, heart attacks, heart failure, or kidney disease. The goal of hypertension treatment is to lower high blood pressure and protect important organs, like the brain, heart, and kidneys from damage. Treatment for hypertension has been associated with reductions in stroke (reduced an average of 35%-40%), heart attack (20%-25%), and heart failure (more than 50%), according to research.

Treating high blood pressure can help prevent serious even life-threatening complications. Your doctor also may suggest steps to control conditions that can contribute to high blood pressure, such as diabetes and high cholesterol.

The treatment for secondary pulmonary hypertension usually begins with treating the underlying cause. For instance, if a blood clot, or pulmonary embolism, is causing the hypertension, the clot may need to be surgically removed.

For individuals with hypertension, lifestyle modifications as mentioned above are important but many times, medications will also be needed to adequately manage blood pressure. Many types of drugs are used to lower blood pressure.

Hypertension or high blood pressure is the leading cause of death in the world today. The bigger danger with hypertension is that the person suffering from this condition may not even realize that he or she is suffering from this condition until it may become too late. Hypertension itself is a very dangerous condition; but it can cause drastic damage to the liver, brains, kidneys and the heart. The damage to these vital organs is the most important cause of death.

Causes of Hypertension (Rakta Gata Vata)

Since hypertension can be caused by the vitiation of any of the three doshas, the causes can be different too. The following is a list of exacerbating factors of hypertension in the perspective of the three doshas.

Hypertension caused due to vata dosha can be increased due to mental anxiety, tensions, stress and worries.

Hypertension caused due to pitta dosha can be increased due to strong emotions such as anger, shock, hatred and jealousy.

Hypertension caused due to kapha dosha can be increased due to malignant factors such as malfunctioning of the vital organs.

The causes of the medical types of hypertension, i.e. essential and malignant hypertension are as follows:-

Essential hypertension is mostly idiopathic, i.e. its cause is unknown. However the following factors are strong indicators of the disease:-

Aging, due to which the systolic pressure of the heart increases

Diet, such as one rich in fried and salty foods

Hereditary factors

Malignant hypertension can be caused due to host of problems with the vital organs of brain, liver and the kidneys. Renal fibrosis, Cushing’s Syndrome, adrenal gland tumors, Wilm’s tumor are just some of the conditions that can cause hypertension. However the most prevalent causes are kidney problems such as renal failure, renal vascular obstruction or glomerulonephritis.

Diet for People with Hypertension:

All the three doshas are responsible for the aggravation of blood pressure causing hypertension in the human body. Hence the diet to be taken must be a tridosha pacifying diet. The following dietary guidelines must be followed:-

The patient must not be given any hot and spicy food which will be difficult to digest.

Salt should be curtailed in the diet. Expert studies have found out salt to be the biggest culprit in people with high blood pressure problems.

Red meat must be avoided.

Chocolates and sweets must be kept as far away from the patient of hypertension as possible.

Hydrogenated oils must be totally eliminated from the diet. But ghee and butter prepared from cow’s milk can be given. Buffalo milk is to be avoided.

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Improve Blood Circulation

Carbohydrate-rich vegetables must be taken in order to facilitate easy movement of bowels. This will reduce constipation, which aggravates the vata. Useful vegetables for people with hypertension are bitter gourd and drumsticks. Colocasia and yellow pumpkin must be avoided.

Among fruits bananas, guavas, apples and oranges are considered to be beneficial.

Cereals and pulses must be reduced.

Dry fruits can be eaten without any harm.

Before you can begin to understand and combat malignant hypertension, you need to understand what hypertension is and the effects it has on the body. Hypertension is nothing more than a fancy way of saying high blood pressure. Now high blood pressure can have far-reaching negative effects on your health.

That is why many people diagnosed with high blood pressure need to go onto some form of medication or another. Normal hypertension may be controlled and the effects alleviated with the help of milder medications and a few lifestyle changes. However, when you start looking at malignant hypertension, it gets quite a bit more serious. You should never leave hypertension to run its own course and malignant hypertension even less so.

Cause and Effect

For any effect to take place there needs to be a cause and such it is with malignant hypertension. Knowing the causes of malignant hypertension is an important part of understanding the disease and combating it. So, what are the causes of malignant hypertension? Well, while hypertension is just high blood pressure, malignant hypertension takes it to the next level, being very high blood pressure.

Malignant hypertension affects roughly 1% of both children and the adults that are diagnosed with high blood pressure. However, it is more prominent in younger adults than in any other age group. It has also been found that malignant hypertension is also more prevalent in young African American men who are suffering from hypertension.

There are certain medical conditions that may not be direct causes of malignant hypertension, but do contribute to your risk being higher for it. These conditions include collagen vascular disorders, women who experience toxemia of pregnancy as well as kidney diseases and disorders.

Direct causes of malignant hypertension are not accurately known, much the same as with normal hypertension or high blood pressure. However, if you already have high blood pressure, your risk of developing malignant hypertension is greatly increased. That is just another reason to keep your blood pressure under control with medication and any suggested lifestyle changes.

Despite the unknown causes of malignant hypertension, it is considered a medical emergency in those it develops in. This is because it can quickly develop into accelerated malignant hypertension. When this happens, there is not much that can be done to stop the damage to organs and your optic nerves.

It cannot be stressed enough that high blood pressure needs to be kept in check before it develops into malignant hypertension. Treatment for malignant hypertension includes hospitalization and then further constant and vigilant medical checkups and medication.

Hypertension is a disease of different causes and which is manifested by the sustained increase in blood pressure and this increase in hypertension treatment is very susceptible to more diseases we present, then the stages, symptoms, prevention methods, and another…

What is Hypertension?

Hypertension is a disease of diverse causes. And which is manifested by sustained increases in blood pressure in systole and in diastole, or both.

The increase in blood pressure (hypertension) is a major cause, but most likely treatment of disease, and is divided into primary and secondary. In the general population, blood pressure is a continuous variable and its increase is associated with an increased risk of disease. Hypertension can be defined arbitrarily as a sustained diastolic pressure greater than 90 mm Hg, however, there is no risk of developing diseases in which blood pressure is a pathogenic factor.

Primary hypertension (essential) is the elevation of blood pressure with age, but without apparent cause.

It represents over 85-90 % of cases and usually appears after age 40, the phenotype of high blood pressure in hypertension due to an interaction between genetic predisposition, obesity, alcohol consumption, physical activity and other factors not yet identified.

Secondary hypertension, which represents about 10-15 % of cases, is due to an identifiable cause, the most common vascular disease reindeer, which raises blood pressure by activating the rennin aldosterone system. Depending on their clinical evolution, both the primary and secondary hypertension can be classified into two types. In benign hypertension there is a steady rise in blood pressure for many years, while in hypertension accelerated the elevation of blood pressure is intense and worsens in a short period of time.

Factors that regulate blood pressure

The blood pressure may rise because of increased cardiac output or peripheral vascular resistance. The first rises to increase blood volume or contractility and heart rate, the second can be increased by humeral factors, neural and regulatory authorities.

According to the degree of organ damage occurred, hypertension can be found at different stages:

PHASE I: No functional changes.

PHASE II: The patient is one of the following signs, even if you are asymptomatic.

a) Left ventricular hypertrophy.

b) Angelology retinal arteries.

c) Mild elevation creativity.

d) Arterial plaques in carotid, aorta, iliac and Femoral.

PHASE III: symptomatic manifestations of organ damage:

a) Angina pectoris, myocardial infarction or heart failure.

b) Transient cerebral ischemia, cerebral thrombosis or hypertensive encephalopathy.

c) Exudates and retinal hemorrhages

d) Chronic renal failure.

e) Aortic aneurysm or atherosclerosis bitterns of lower limbs.

The arterial wall thickening and arteriolosclerosis are signs of mild hypertension

In hypertension benign vascular changes occur gradually in response to stable and sustained hypertension. These degenerative changes in the walls of small vessels such as arterioles decrease the effective light with. Consequent tissue ischemia and increased vascular fragility in the brain, with the risk of bleeding.

In malignant hypertension there is a destruction of the walls of small vessels

When blood pressure rises too abruptly, acute destructive changes occur in the walls of small blood vessels, along with remedial responses proliferate in the walls of small arteries.

These alterations cause lack of blood flow through small vessels, with formation of multiple focus of necrosis, e.g. in renal glomerulus’s.

Prevention Methods

Stopping smoking reduces mortality to half of those who continue to smoke.
Control high blood pressure.
Reduction of body weight.
Increase physical activity.
Controlling diabetes
Modification of eating habits.

The onset can be sudden, such as acute myocardial infarction or may be a chronic disorder, with increased loss of heart function. In turn this may be offset where disease activity remains normal or decompensated, in which the patient suffers from dyspnea and chest pain in this case should rest and receive medication and diuretics.

From a nutritional standpoint the most important is the implementation of a low sodium diet (containing less than 5grs. of salt a day).

In coronary disease should avoid large meals and plentiful because they impose an excessive burden on the heart and circulation.

When making food choices for these patients should seek to replace the salt and no abdominal distension, constipation or flatulence.

Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a persistent blood pressure above 90 mm Hg between the heart beats (diastolic) or over 140 mm Hg at the beats (systolic). The blood pressure varies naturally in response to stress and physical work load. Therefore the blood pressure shall be measured in a relaxed situation and several times before this diagnosis is certain.

Hypertension does not in itself give dramatic symptoms, but it is dangerous because it causes a highly increased risk for heart infarction, stroke and renal failure.

THE PREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSION

One out of six persons is hypertensive. Most persons suffering from hypertension is over the age of 35. Still 6% of teenagers are hypertensive and also 1% of every child.

THE SYMPTOMS AND CONSEQUENCES OF HYPERTENSION

Hypertension is often without symptoms. By mild hypertension, flushing and headache can occur.
More serious hypertension gives symptoms like: Fatigue, dizziness, palpitations, tachycardia (rapid heart rate) and nosebleeds.

Extreme hypertension gives morning headache, blurred vision, dyspnoea (breathing difficulties) and elevated values of certain components in the blood, like urea and serum creatinine.

Hypertension will in the long run hurt the blood vessels, and serious hypertension can do extensive damage to the blood vessels in a few months or years.

The damaged blood vessels will impair the blood flow. They can also rupture causing a bleeding or be clogged by a blood clot that shuts out the blood flow and causes tissue damage. These things can occur in the brain, causing a stroke, in the heart causing heart infarction or in the kidneys with renal failure as a consequence.

A renal failure will in the next turn cause the hypertension to aggarvate, partly because a damaged kidney will not manage to secrete water and salt well enough, and partly because a kidney that do not get enough blood will start a hormonal mechanism that induces the kidney to actively hold back salt and water.

THE MECHANISMS AND CAUSES OF HYPERTENSION

The direct mechanisms causing hypertension is one or more of these factors:
- An increased tension in the blood vessel walls.
- An increased blood volume caused by elevated levels of salt and lipids in the blood holding back water.
- Hardened and inelastic blood vessels caused by arteriosclerosis.

The primary causes behind these mechanisms are not fully understood, but these factors contribute to causing hypertension:
- A high consume of salt
- A high fat consume.
- Stress at work and in the daily life.
- Smoking.
- Over-weight
- Lack of exercise.
- Kidney failure.

LIFESTYLE MEASURES TO PREVENT AND TREAT HYPERTENSION

Lifestyle measures shall always be a component of the hypertension treatment. Sometimes such measures are enough to cure the condition. Those measures are:
- Reducing salt consume.
- Reduction of the consume of fat, and especially saturated fat.
- Weight reduction.
- Relaxing and stress reduction techiques, for example meditation and autogenic training.
- Regular exercise.

SPECIAL FOOD TYPES THAT REDUCE THE BLOOD PRESSURE

Research projects suggest that the following food types reduce blood pressure.

Fish oil and fat fish. The working substances seem to be the omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The effect from fish oil seems to cease when the fish oil supplements are stopped.
-Olive oil, especially olive oil of the quality extra virgin.

NATURAL SUPPLEMENTS TO HELP AGAINST HYPERTENSION

Natural supplements to treat hypertension exist. These supplements reduce blood pressure by lowering the cholesterol and lipid content in the blood, by preventing oxidation of tissue components by free radicals, and by helping damaged blood vessels to heal. Examples of ingredients having these effects are vitamin B3, inositol, turmenic extract and gum guggul extract.

They may also contain Ingredients giving a direct anti-hypertensive effect, like potassium, magnesium, calcium, vitamin C and fatty acids from marine sources.

MEDICAL TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION

When lifestyle measures and supplements are not enough to cure the condition, medical treatment must be applied.

Diuretics, or medicines to increase the urine production, are used to decrease the water content in the blood vessels, and thereby reduce the pressure in the vessels. When the water content is lowered, the heart does not need to pump so hard any more, and this will also reduce the pressure.

Beta-adrenergic blockers are another group of medicines to treat hypertension. This group of medicines block the signals that hormones and neurotransmitters give to the vessel walls, and the vessel walls then relax. They also slow down the heart rate to give a lower pressure exerted by the heart upon the blood.