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Hypertension is a disease of different causes and which is manifested by the sustained increase in blood pressure and this increase in hypertension treatment is very susceptible to more diseases we present, then the stages, symptoms, prevention methods, and another…

What is Hypertension?

Hypertension is a disease of diverse causes. And which is manifested by sustained increases in blood pressure in systole and in diastole, or both.

The increase in blood pressure (hypertension) is a major cause, but most likely treatment of disease, and is divided into primary and secondary. In the general population, blood pressure is a continuous variable and its increase is associated with an increased risk of disease. Hypertension can be defined arbitrarily as a sustained diastolic pressure greater than 90 mm Hg, however, there is no risk of developing diseases in which blood pressure is a pathogenic factor.

Primary hypertension (essential) is the elevation of blood pressure with age, but without apparent cause.

It represents over 85-90 % of cases and usually appears after age 40, the phenotype of high blood pressure in hypertension due to an interaction between genetic predisposition, obesity, alcohol consumption, physical activity and other factors not yet identified.

Secondary hypertension, which represents about 10-15 % of cases, is due to an identifiable cause, the most common vascular disease reindeer, which raises blood pressure by activating the rennin aldosterone system. Depending on their clinical evolution, both the primary and secondary hypertension can be classified into two types. In benign hypertension there is a steady rise in blood pressure for many years, while in hypertension accelerated the elevation of blood pressure is intense and worsens in a short period of time.

Factors that regulate blood pressure

The blood pressure may rise because of increased cardiac output or peripheral vascular resistance. The first rises to increase blood volume or contractility and heart rate, the second can be increased by humeral factors, neural and regulatory authorities.

According to the degree of organ damage occurred, hypertension can be found at different stages:

PHASE I: No functional changes.

PHASE II: The patient is one of the following signs, even if you are asymptomatic.

a) Left ventricular hypertrophy.

b) Angelology retinal arteries.

c) Mild elevation creativity.

d) Arterial plaques in carotid, aorta, iliac and Femoral.

PHASE III: symptomatic manifestations of organ damage:

a) Angina pectoris, myocardial infarction or heart failure.

b) Transient cerebral ischemia, cerebral thrombosis or hypertensive encephalopathy.

c) Exudates and retinal hemorrhages

d) Chronic renal failure.

e) Aortic aneurysm or atherosclerosis bitterns of lower limbs.

The arterial wall thickening and arteriolosclerosis are signs of mild hypertension

In hypertension benign vascular changes occur gradually in response to stable and sustained hypertension. These degenerative changes in the walls of small vessels such as arterioles decrease the effective light with. Consequent tissue ischemia and increased vascular fragility in the brain, with the risk of bleeding.

In malignant hypertension there is a destruction of the walls of small vessels

When blood pressure rises too abruptly, acute destructive changes occur in the walls of small blood vessels, along with remedial responses proliferate in the walls of small arteries.

These alterations cause lack of blood flow through small vessels, with formation of multiple focus of necrosis, e.g. in renal glomerulus’s.

Prevention Methods

Stopping smoking reduces mortality to half of those who continue to smoke.
Control high blood pressure.
Reduction of body weight.
Increase physical activity.
Controlling diabetes
Modification of eating habits.

The onset can be sudden, such as acute myocardial infarction or may be a chronic disorder, with increased loss of heart function. In turn this may be offset where disease activity remains normal or decompensated, in which the patient suffers from dyspnea and chest pain in this case should rest and receive medication and diuretics.

From a nutritional standpoint the most important is the implementation of a low sodium diet (containing less than 5grs. of salt a day).

In coronary disease should avoid large meals and plentiful because they impose an excessive burden on the heart and circulation.

When making food choices for these patients should seek to replace the salt and no abdominal distension, constipation or flatulence.

Have you ever felt your heart to be pumping so hard especially when you are at the height of extreme emotions like anger or happiness? Have you ever felt a sudden rush of blood when you are nervous or excited? Are these conditions related to hypertension?

What is Hypertension?

Commonly referred to as high blood pressure, hypertension is a medical condition characterized by the elevation of blood pressure. There are different kinds of hypertension but the most common is the arterial hypertension. This condition could also be classified into two – essential and secondary.

Essential hypertension refers to the condition when there is no specific medical cause that could explain the occurrence. On the other hand, secondary hypertension is caused by secondary conditions like kidney malfunctions or adrenal tumors. When not treated immediately, this condition could become persistent and could cause a lot of other ailments especially those that concern the heart. It has known to be the common risk strokes, heart attacks, heart failure and arterial aneurysm. It is also said to be the leading cause of chronic renal failure. As an effect of hypertension, a person who frequently suffers such is known to have lesser life expectancy.

Though medicine poses specific ranges of blood pressure that are considered to be at the level of hypertension, the condition is still relative to a person. Sometimes, hypertension is dependent on how a patient can sustain certain blood pressures. When the blood pressure rises 50 percent above what is known to be the normal to a person, it already calls for a treatment.

Signs and Symptoms of Hypertension

Hypertension is only determined through a blood pressure measurement equipment and reads the systolic and diastolic of the blood. There is actually no identified sign of hypertension; rather, it varies from one person to another. Some people report to have experienced headaches, fatigue, dizziness, blurring of vision and facial flushing.

One of the misconceptions of hypertension is its association with stress, mental tension and anxiety. These conditions may affect the flow of the blood but those could not alone cause the imbalance condition of the blood flow. However, accelerated hypertension is closely associated with somnolence, confusion, visual disturbances, nausea and vomiting.

Being in a hypertension condition is not permanent; and it could not be severe enough to cause symptoms. Symptoms only surface when signs of end-organ damage are determined or are possible; otherwise, the condition is still considered accelerated hypertension. Malignant hypertension, on the other hand, is caused by increased intracranial pressure. These could be diagnosed through retinal examination.

Another misconception is that hypertension is known to be only experienced with people in old age. However, this condition could also occur in children and teenagers. Obesity in children is known to be a factor of developing the occurrence of such phenomenon. The detection and intervention in childhood hypertension could be determined though early evidence of the development of atherosclerosis. Aside from that, temperature could also affect the condition in children especially that they are in the height of an active lifestyle.

Complications of Hypertension

Hypertension , as mentioned earlier, could cause a lot of complications. Alone, it is not considered as illness since it is temporary. However, this condition increases the risk in developing other health conditions. Complications include cerebrovascular accidents or strokes, heart attack, heart failure, damage to the retina of the eye and renal failure.

Hypertension is derived from two root words; Hyper meaning High and Tension meaning Pressure. Hypertension simply means high blood pressure. Pressure is the force generated when the heart contracts and pump blood through the blood vessels that conduct the blood to various parts of the blood.

High blood pressure (hypertension) is called the silent killer because it does not give symptoms or warning before it strikes. Hypertension is not just one disease or diagnosis, look at hypertension as a sign of poor picture of overall health. Remember that blood pressure is one of the vital signs we measure as a gauge to your your overall health (other vital signs are pulse, temperature and respiration). A sign like elevated blood pressure is not the disease; it points to the disease of inflammation going on in the body.

There are a number of problems with blood pressure (BP) reducing medications however. They do not cure the cause of high blood pressure but merely lower it while the drugs remain in your system. This means that people usually have to take medications daily for the rest of their lives in order to keep their blood pressure at an acceptable level.

natural hypertension remedies :

- Exercising

- Proper dieting

- Stress management

The other problem with hypertension medications (other than the cost) is a range of undesirable side effects such as:a persistent dry cough, headache, pounding heartbeat, nausea, weight gain, reduced libido, depression, insomnia, shortness of breath, sinus congestion… the list could go on.

There are two major types of hypertension: Essential or primary hypertension and secondary hypertension. Primary hypertension is the most common condition, found in 95 per cent of the cases. It has no definite cause. There are several factors that may act in combination, causing the blood pressure to increase. Secondary hypertension is found in five to ten per cent the cases. Here, the increase in blood pressure is caused by a specific defect in one of the organs in the body. Treating the affected organ can control or cure the hypertension.

Treatment varies according to the stage of the disease. Hypertension is controllable with treatment, which may require periodic adjustment. The treatment is often associated with weight loss and increased exercise, but a doctor should be consulted even in cases of pre-hypertension. Hypertension is a very serious condition and should be taken seriously by both patient and doctor.

Being in a hypertension condition is not permanent; and it could not be severe enough to cause symptoms. Symptoms only surface when signs of end-organ damage are determined or are possible; otherwise, the condition is still considered accelerated hypertension. Malignant hypertension, on the other hand, is caused by increased intracranial pressure. These could be diagnosed through retinal examination.

Causes of Hypertension

- An increased tension in the blood vessel walls.

- An increased blood volume caused by elevated levels of salt and lipids in the blood holding back water.

- Hardened and inelastic blood vessels caused by arteriosclerosis.

Hypertension Symptoms:
Some of the common symptoms of hypertension are:
Giddiness, Dizziness and a Feeling of Instability.
Palpitations.
Insomnia (inability to sleep well).
Digestive problems and Constipation.

To get rid of hypertension you should know the categories of blood pressure readings. Hypertension is a medical condition when the blood pressure is elevated or the blood travel through your arteries at a higher pressure than normal. The normal blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg or lower, when your blood pressure is 140/90 mm Hg or higher you have a hypertension.

Because of these problems a lot of people have been looking into how to reduce blood pressure naturally without the use of medications. Thankfully there are indeed ways to reduce high blood pressure naturally through diet and exercise.

Knowing what causes high blood pressure is important, as hypertension is a factor in heart attacks and heart disease. Given that heart disease accounted for 30% of deaths Worldwide in 2008 (source the World Health Organization) it is important that we know this information if we are not to be part of that statistic.

If you or one of your loved ones is suffering from this condition keep reading this article because here I will write about how to drop your blood pressure in a few weeks and improve your life quality. The most common causes for Hypertension are an unhealthy diet and lifestyle, combine this two and your chances to suffer from this condition increase a lot.

Hypertension or high blood pressure does not cause people to have a short temper as some people may think. Actually, hypertension does not have any symptoms. Studies indicate that about one in three American adults have hypertension, but because there are no symptoms, about one in three of these people are unaware of it. If it is left untreated, it can lead to heart disease, kidney damage or stroke. These reasons are why hypertension has been labeled as the silent killer. The only way to tell if you have hypertension is to have your blood pressure checked regularly. Although intensive and costly research has been conducted on hypertension, determining the precise cause of hypertension has been elusive.

Doctors have been unable to determine the specific cause of hypertension in about 90 to 95 percent of all cases. This type of hypertension is labeled as primary or essential hypertension. Although the precise cause of primary hypertension has yet to be identified, researchers have been able to find common attributes in people with primary hypertension.

Studies indicate that primary hypertension only occurs to people with a daily intake of salt that exceeds 5.8 grams. Heredity and race were proven to be factors in 30 percent of the cases that were studied. People with a family history of hypertension were twice as likely to get it. And the number of cases of hypertension was greatest among African Americans. Also most of these test subjects exhibited increased stiffness or resistance of their peripheral arteries. This stiffness has been linked to genetic factors, obesity and lack of exercise, excessive salt intake and old age.

About 5 to 10 percent of the cases of hypertension can be attributed to some specific cause and is called secondary hypertension. Chronic kidney diseases, oral contraceptive pills, adrenal gland tumors, chronic alcohol abuse and coarctation of the aorta are known causes of secondary hypertension. Coarctation of the aorta is the most common cause of secondary hypertension in children.

The effects of uncontrolled hypertension are many and lead to much lower quality and enjoyment of life. One of the most common and dangerous conditions is cardiovascular disease. Mental processes like reasoning ability and memory can also be adversely affected in hypertensive patients. These problems are even more evident in older people who experience a decline in cognitive functions because older patients have lower resistance to the symptoms of hypertension.

Though high blood pressure and uncontrolled hypertension are closely related, uncontrolled hypertension is more dangerous as it can lead to far more serious conditions including stroke and other cardiac problems.

What are your options.

Millions of Americans see doctors every year for hypertension and other related conditions. Untold millions are spent on treatments and medications that may or may not be very effective. Side affects from medications can also be severe and uncomfortable and as a result, many patients are turning to natural health practitioners and methods to treat hypertension. If you are suffering from the affects of hypertension, there a several things you can do right now to help alleviate some of the symptoms and greatly reduce the condition of hypertension.

1. Exercise. There is no question about it, we have become a very sedentary society. With many of our jobs in an office environment, we just don’t get the exercise we need. Walking is one way to help you get the exercise you need and also reduce hypertension.

2. Diet. Watching what we eat, don’t overeat, and limiting the amount of fat we ingest is a powerful way to lower hypertension. Many hypertension problems are cardiovascular system related. Poor diet can lead to dangerous plaque build up in our veins and arteries, which constricts the blood flow raising blood pressure.

3. Alcohol and smoking. Lowering your alcohol intake and smoking can have a profound affect on hypertension.

Following these simple guidelines will have a profound impact not only on hypertension symptoms, but in overall well being and health as well. It is possible to lower through hypertension exercises designed to treat this condition.

Hypertension is a disease of diverse causes. And which is manifested by the sustained increase in blood pressure, or in systole and diastole in both.

The increase in blood pressure (hypertension) is a major cause, but more susceptible to treatment, disease, and is divided into primary and secondary schools. In the general population, blood pressure is a continuous variable and its increase is associated with an increased risk of disease. Hypertension can be arbitrarily defined as a sustained diastolic pressure greater than 90 mmHg. However, there is no risk of a disease in which blood pressure is a pathogenic factor.

Primary hypertension (essential) is the elevation of blood pressure with age, but without apparent cause. Represents over 90% of cases and usually appears after age 40 The phenotype of high blood pressure in hypertension is due to an interaction between genetic predisposition, obesity, alcohol consumption, physical activity and other factors not yet identified .

Secondary hypertension, which represents about 10% of cases, is due to an identifiable cause, the most frequent renovascular disease, which raises blood pressure by activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone. Depending on their clinical course, both the primary and secondary hypertension can be classified into two types. In benign hypertension, there is a stable elevation of blood pressure for many years, whereas hypertension accelerated the elevation of blood pressure is intense and worsens in a short time.

Factors that regulate blood pressure

Blood pressure can be raised by increasing the volume of cardiac or peripheral vascular resistance. The first rises with increasing blood volume or contractility and heart rate, the second can be enhanced by humoral factors, neural and self.

According to the degree of damage produced organic, hypertension can be found in different stages:

PHASE I: No functional changes.

PHASE II: The patient shows one of the following signs, even when you are asymptomatic.

a) left ventricular hypertrophy (palpation, chest radiograph, ECG, echocardiogram).
b) Angiotona in retinal arteries.
c) Proteinuria and / or slight elevation of creatinine (up to 2 mg / d).
d) arterial atheroma plaque (radiography, ultrasonography) in carotid arteries, aorta, iliac and femoral.

PHASE III: symptomatic manifestations of organic injury:

a) Angina pectoris, myocardial infarction or heart failure.
b) transient cerebral ischemia, cerebral thrombosis and hypertensive encephalopathy.
c) Exudates and retinal hemorrhages, papilledema.
d) Chronic renal insufficiency.
e) aortic aneurysm or atherosclerosis obliterans of lower limbs.

The thickening of the arterial wall and arteriolosclerosis are signs of mild hypertension

Hypertension in benign vascular changes occur gradually in response to stable and sustained hypertension. These degenerative changes of the walls of small vessels such as arterioles reduces the effective light with. consequent tissue ischemia, and increased vascular fragility in the brain, with bleeding risk.

In malignant hypertension there is a destruction of the walls of small vessels

When blood pressure rises so much sudden acute destructive changes occur in the walls of small blood vessels, along with remedial proliferative responses in
walls of small arteries. These alterations produced by lack of blood flow to small vessels, with formation of multiple foci of necrosis, eg in renal glomeruli.

High blood pressure affects mainly the heart, brain, kidneys and aorta

The pathological consequences of hypertension are observed mainly in four tissues:
Heart. With increasing pressure, left ventricular myocardial hypertrophy. Since hypertension is often associated with a greater intensity of atherosclerosis, the coronary flow may be insufficient, and produced a
ischemic heart disease. The left ventricular failure is a normal consequence of hypertensive heart disease.
Brain. Hypertensive patients are especially prone to intracerebral hemorrhage from ruptured intracerebral blood vessels. The lesion of small vessels of the cerebral hemispheres microinfartos occurs as small areas of brain destruction filled with fluid ( “gaps hypertensive).
Kidney. The progressive arteriolosclerosis produces ischemia of the nephron, which ends up destroying the glomeruli, and atrophy of the tubular system. The disease progresses slowly, as the injured nephron at a time. When the number of functional nephron by ischemia is not high enough, the patient developed a chronic renal failure slowly
progressive. If hypertension has produced significant ischemia of the nephron, the kidney is said to have suffered a mild hypertensive nefrosclerosis. This is a major cause of kidney failure
Chronic middle and advanced age.
Aorta. Hypertension predisposes to the development of large abdominal aortic aneurysms and dissections of the mean.

Secondary hypertension is less than 10% of cases

In a minority of cases it is considered that there is any structural alteration responsible for the development of systemic hypertension. For example, stenosis
of the renal artery (usually at its root) may cause atherosclerosis by hypertension, with possible surgical treatment. Hypertension is associated with elevated levels of renin and angiotensin II in the circulation from the ischemic kidney, and can be cured in early stages through
removal of the kidney affection. Hypertension is also a symptom of diffuse nephropathies such as glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis. Hypertension is transient in the initial acute phase of glomerular diseases (p, ej.,
acute nephritic syndrome), but standing diffuse chronic nephropathies.
Pheochromocytoma, an adrenaline-secreting tumor that arises normally noradrenaline in the adrenal medulla, produces a hypertension that
initially paroxysmal.

The aortic coarctation is a congenital malformation increased peripheral resistance due to a structural stenosis of the aorta. In these cases, systemic hypertension is not really because it only affects the arterial system ahead of the coarctation, usually to the arms, head and neck.

Hypertension is a symptom of diseases of the adrenal cortex that are associated with excessive production of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids (Cushing’s syndrome and Conn sndromede).

It is also a symptom of preeclampsia, and may be associated with endocrinopathies such as thyrotoxicosis, acromegaly, and sometimes hypothyroidism, or due to a neurogenic causes such as intracranial hypertension.

treatment

a) In patients with hypertension grade I or II, we recommend starting treatment with a single drug. If the patient has hypertension hyperkinetic syndrome, the best option is a beta blocker, it is inconvenient and the use of vasodilators such as alpha blockers or calcium antagonists as exacerbate circulatory hyperkinesia. In patients who are suspected of expanding the extracellular space (especially women) the best option is the diuretic as mono therapy, are less effective than beta blockers and vasodilators are contraindicated deteriorating fluid retention and expansion of the intravascular space. Can be equally effective inhibitors of ACE. In elderly with systolic hypertension is preferable to use calcium antagonists as drugs of first choice.

b) Patients with essential hypertension grade III, requires the use of multiple drugs to achieve an efficient control of hypertension. This form is preferred to initiate treatment with beta blockers and diuretics (thiazides and potassium-sparing). Failure to reach an effective control of blood pressure can add an ACE inhibitor. Where not achieved normalization of blood pressure can be used vasodilators (hydralazine, minoxidil, prazosin) which reduce vascular resistance. The calcium antagonists can be used in such patients are not able to control hypertension with drugs and or because there are two states that suspend their administration by undesirable side effects such as: attack of gout (thiazides), asthma or heart failure ( betablockers) or persistent cough (ACE inhibitors). The anta gonistas calcium can also produce undesirable side effects (edema, facial flushing) that can bind to the suspension or change to another drug of a different family.
As a general conclusion one can say that treatment of hypertensive patient should be individualized taking into account age, clinical conditions and hemodynamic effects of drugs.

c) The patient with grade IV hypertension is a hypertensive emergency or urgency, so that their treatment requires immediate hospitalization and therapy.

Hypertensive crisis

a) The patient was asymptomatic but with figures of diastolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg or greater should be hospitalized for observation and absolute rest, being administered by sublingual nifedipine at 10 mg.

b) The patient with hypertensive crisis, with increased blood pressure of 180/140 and acute pulmonary edema must be treated with Fowler position, sitting on the bed edge, rotating tourniquets, by IV furosemide at a rate between 20 and 60 mg by sodium nitroprusside and IV diluted in dextrose solution at a rate of 0.3 to 8 mg / kg / min, and in some cases these measures achieves jugular table, but others should also scan the patient in a timely manner (or C lanata Ouabain). When the patient is already in clinical conditions will be acceptable to initiate antihypertensive oral.

c) The patient with hypertensive crisis which is associated with hypertensive encephalopathy is presented to the doctor with a very ostentatious manifesting headache, nausea, projectile vomiting, blurred vision and a progressive state of mental obnubilacin all this coincides with elevations exaggerated the figures for blood pressure (> 180/140). The appropriate procedure will also be treated with sodium nitropusiato given as mentioned in the previous paragraph, although such cases can also be used diazoxide at a starting dose of 300 mg IV which can be repeated w / 4 or 6 hours, depending on the response. It should be remembered that the prolonged administration of this drug produces sodium and water retention, so when their use is extended for more than 24 hours should join the administration of diuretics. As soon as possible to initiate oral therapy.

d) The hypertensive crisis which is complicated with an aortic dissection is presented as an acute where the patient can present intense chest pain or back accompanied by feelings of death, pallor, diaphoresis, and elevated mind exaggerated figures (> 180/140 mmHg). This table should be treated with sodium nitroprusside, another alternative is alfametildopa drug at a rate of 250 to 500 mg IV c / 4 to 6 hours and has been checked in to start oral antihypertensive therapy.

e) If a hypertensive crisis due to a pheochromocytoma patient relate headache, palpitations and was found with pallor and diaphoresis, sinus tachycardia and excessively high numbers (> 180 / 140 mmHg), in which case the ideal treatment should be done with phentolamine, injected an initial bolus of 5 to 15 mg IV and then on a continuous drip to maintain blood pressure numbers at acceptable levels. If heart rate is exageradeamente high (> 150 per minute) or appear as tachyarrythmia paroxysmal atrial fibrillation by propranolol should be administered by IV at a rate of 1 mg / min up to 3 to 5 mg total dose.

Patients with essential hypertension grade III, requires several drugs to achieve the desired control. In summary, the treatment should be individualized according to age, clinical conditions and hemodynamic sensitivity to drugs.

Prevention methods

* Quitting smoking reduces mortality to half of those who continue to smoke.
* Controlling hypertension.
* Reduction of body weight.
* Increase physical activity.
* Controlling Diabetes
* Changes in eating habits.

The onset may be abrupt, such as acute myocardial infarction or may be a chronic disorder, with increasing loss of functions of the heart. In turn this may be offset a disease where the activity remains normal or decompensated, in which the patient suffers dyspnea and precordial pain in this case should rest and receive medication and diuretics.
From a nutritional point of view it is the implementation of a diet hiposdica (containing less than 5grs. Salt daily).

In coronary disease should avoid foods rich and abundant as they impose an excessive burden on the heart and circulation.

When making a food choice for these patients should be sought to replace the salt and no abdominal distension, constipation and flatulence.

Bibliography:
Patologia Roobins 2007
Patologia Rubin
Web Journal Cardiology hypertensive crisis
Institute of Cardiology http://www.drscope.com/cardiologia/pac/arterial.htm
Goodman and Gilman, Farmacologia.
National Institute of Cardiology – Ignacio Chvez, Hypertension Articles
National Association of Cardiologists of Mexico
Society of Interventional Cardiology of Mexico
National Society of Echocardiography in Mexico
Nutrition zonadiet.com 2004 Hypertension
Vascular Health. is
Book Fisiologia Guyton
Stevens Patologia